10 Things to Consider When Choosing an Industrial PC

Searching for the ideal Panel PC can be overwhelming. With a flood of information available, it’s hard to know where to begin. To make your decision easier, we’ve compiled a list of the top 10 key factors to consider when selecting the right Panel PC for your business needs.

Connectivity

• Video output (VGA, HDMI, DisplayPort)
• Ethernet, Wi-Fi, USB (2.0, 3.0, Type C)
• Serial ports

When choosing an Industrial PC (IPC), it's essential to consider the range of connectivity options it offers. Since the IPC is just one part of a larger system, it needs to interface with other devices, networks, and peripherals. Whether you require multiple video outputs, network connections, or various peripheral interfaces, ensuring your IPC has the right connectivity options is crucial for a seamless operation. Let’s break down the most common connectivity features and their importance in industrial applications.

Video Output Types

Even if your Industrial PC has a built-in display, you might need additional video outputs to connect external monitors or specialized industrial displays. For industrial applications that use a Box PC without an integrated screen, video output options are essential for connecting to external displays.

1. Video Graphics Array (VGA): VGA has been a staple interface for many years and is commonly used in industrial settings due to its reliability. VGA supports analog signals and can transmit video through a 15-pin connector. Although VGA typically offers lower resolution compared to modern digital interfaces, it remains a trusted standard, particularly in legacy systems or for less demanding video tasks.
2. High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI): HDMI is now a widely used interface, providing high-quality video output with a digital signal. It’s perfect for applications requiring high-resolution displays and multimedia capabilities. HDMI supports video resolutions up to 4K and higher, making it ideal for industrial control rooms, data visualization, and other high-resolution applications.
3. DisplayPort (DP): DisplayPort is another common digital video interface that supports high-resolution displays and is often found in both Panel and Box IPCs. DP has several sub-interfaces and is capable of delivering resolutions beyond 4K, even up to 8K, making it a go-to choice for industries that require ultra-high-definition video output for precise monitoring or control.

Output Resolutions

The type of video output interface influences the resolution that an Industrial PC can deliver. Digital interfaces such as HDMI and DisplayPort generally support higher resolutions like 4K and 8K, providing crystal-clear image quality. On the other hand, VGA typically supports lower resolutions, up to 2K, which may still suffice for less demanding visual environments.

Ethernet

For industrial applications, Ethernet connectivity is often indispensable. Whether you need to connect to a local network or the internet, most modern Industrial PCs offer one or more Ethernet ports that support gigabit speeds, with some even capable of multi-gigabit connections. These high-speed connections allow your IPC to handle large data transfers, communicate with remote I/O modules, and connect to web-based Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs), all essential for real-time monitoring and control.

Ethernet also provides the backbone for many industrial automation systems, allowing for seamless communication between different machines and systems within a factory or facility. If your application requires extensive networking capabilities, ensure that your IPC has the appropriate number of Ethernet ports and supports the necessary speeds.

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi connectivity is becoming increasingly important in industrial settings, especially when physical wiring is impractical or unnecessary. Many industrial PCs now come equipped with Wi-Fi capabilities, allowing them to connect to networks wirelessly. This eliminates the need for Ethernet cabling and allows greater flexibility in where the PC can be placed, whether it's on a moving vehicle, mounted on a wall, or in a remote location. Wi-Fi also enables quick updates and data transfers, further enhancing the IPC's versatility in a dynamic industrial environment.

USB

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is the most common interface for connecting peripherals such as keyboards, mice, external storage, and other devices to an Industrial PC. The USB interface has evolved over time, with newer versions offering faster data transfer speeds and improved functionality.

1. USB 2.0: This older standard offers a maximum transfer speed of 480Mb/s and is still widely used in industrial applications for basic peripheral connections. It’s highly compatible with a wide range of devices, making it a reliable option for less demanding tasks.
2. USB 3.0: USB 3.0 provides much faster data transfer speeds—up to 6Gb/s—while using the same rectangular Type A connector as USB 2.0. It’s backward compatible, so USB 2.0 devices can still be used in USB 3.0 ports, although at slower speeds. Typically, USB 3.0 ports are marked with blue tabs to distinguish them from their predecessors.
3. USB Type C (USB-C): The newer USB-C interface is faster, more versatile, and capable of handling various tasks that older USB versions cannot. It can deliver power, transfer data at higher speeds, and even output video—capable of providing up to 4K resolution via a single connection. Some of the latest Industrial PCs include USB-C ports for high-end applications that require multiple functionalities from a single interface.

Serial Ports

Before USB became the standard, 9-pin serial ports, also known as DE-9 connectors, were the primary interface for connecting peripherals like printers, controllers, and communication devices. Despite the rise of USB, serial ports are still commonly found in Industrial PCs today due to their simplicity and reliability, particularly in legacy systems and industrial applications that rely on basic data communication protocols. Many devices in industrial automation, such as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), still use serial communication, making the DE-9 port a necessary feature in many industrial environments.

Conclusion

In an industrial environment, connectivity is key to the functionality and flexibility of an Industrial PC. Whether you need high-resolution video outputs, reliable wired or wireless network connections, or the ability to interface with a wide range of peripherals, your IPC must be equipped with the appropriate connectivity options. Features like multiple video output types (VGA, HDMI, DisplayPort), high-speed Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and versatile USB ports (including the modern USB-C) enable seamless communication between the IPC and the broader system.

Additionally, legacy interfaces such as serial ports still play a vital role in many industrial setups, offering simple and effective communication with older equipment. By carefully selecting an Industrial PC with the right connectivity features, you ensure that your system can handle current demands while remaining adaptable to future upgrades and expansions.

Certification

• UL, Class I, Div 2
• NEMA, CE, RoHS, IP, ATEX, FCC

In industrial settings, where challenging environmental conditions like high humidity, dust, liquids, or hazardous substances are common, ensuring that devices are certified for safety and reliability is critical. Certification by trusted organizations helps guarantee that equipment, especially Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs), can operate safely and effectively in these harsh environments. Various certifications are required depending on the type of hazard present, the region, and specific industry standards.

UL (Underwriters Laboratories)

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is a globally recognized independent organization specializing in product safety testing and certification. UL evaluates products, materials, and processes to ensure they meet industry safety standards. Their certification marks are often mandatory for electronic devices used in industrial applications, as they provide assurance that the equipment has been rigorously tested for safety and reliability under various conditions.

Class I, Division 2

The Class I, Division 2 certification is issued by UL for devices that are designed to operate safely in hazardous environments where explosive gases or vapors may be present intermittently or under abnormal conditions. Devices with this certification can be used in industrial settings such as chemical plants, oil refineries, and other locations where flammable substances might be encountered. This certification ensures that the device won’t ignite these substances even if exposed to them.

NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association)

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) uses a standard rating system to evaluate how well a device's enclosure protects against environmental hazards such as dust, water, and other potentially harmful materials. NEMA ratings range from basic protection to specialized enclosures designed to withstand extreme conditions, making them essential for industrial devices used in harsh or outdoor environments. These ratings help manufacturers and users determine whether a device can be safely installed in specific locations, such as those exposed to heavy moisture or dust.

FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certification regulates devices that emit electromagnetic radiation, ensuring that they do not interfere with the operation of other nearby devices. Devices that operate within a frequency range of 9 kHz to 3,000 GHz require FCC approval, ensuring that they meet electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. This certification is essential for ensuring that industrial devices, especially those that communicate wirelessly or use radio frequencies, do not cause harmful interference in their surroundings.

CE (Conformité Européenne)

The Conformité Européenne (CE) certification is a European standard indicating that a product meets the necessary health, safety, and environmental protection requirements to be sold within the European Union. Products with the CE mark have passed tests to ensure compliance with EU safety standards, which is mandatory for most devices sold in European markets. This certification covers a wide range of industrial equipment and guarantees that products conform to essential safety standards.

RoHS (Reduction of Hazardous Substances)

The Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive was established by the European Union to limit the use of dangerous chemicals and materials in electrical and electronic equipment. A RoHS certification ensures that a device does not contain unsafe levels of hazardous substances like lead, mercury, cadmium, or other toxic materials. This certification is crucial for ensuring the safety of both people and the environment, particularly in industries where exposure to hazardous materials is a concern.

IP (Ingress Protection) Rating

The Ingress Protection (IP) rating, defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), measures the effectiveness of a device's enclosure at preventing the entry of foreign objects such as dust and liquids. An IP rating consists of two numbers: the first number indicates protection against solids (like dust), and the second number measures protection against liquids.

For instance:

• IP69: The highest rating, indicating that a device is completely dust-tight and can withstand high-pressure water jets and extreme temperatures, making it ideal for industrial environments that experience heavy moisture or require thorough cleaning processes.

ATEX (Atmosphères Explosibles)

The ATEX certification is mandatory within the European Union for equipment used in explosive atmospheres, such as environments containing flammable gases, vapors, or dust. The ATEX directive ensures that devices are engineered to prevent explosions, making them safe to use in volatile industries like mining, petrochemicals, and manufacturing. Any device used in potentially explosive environments in the EU must carry this certification.

 

Conclusion

Certifications are crucial for ensuring the safety, durability, and compliance of industrial devices used in challenging environments. Whether it's protecting against environmental hazards, ensuring electromagnetic compatibility, or verifying that a device can safely operate in explosive atmospheres, these certifications help industrial operators choose the right equipment for their specific needs. From UL to ATEX to FCC, each certification ensures that devices meet stringent safety and performance standards, protecting both equipment and personnel.

Display Properties

When selecting a display for an industrial PC (IPC), several key factors come into play. These range from screen size, touch capabilities, brightness, and even the ability to view the screen from different angles. Understanding these elements ensures that the chosen display can meet the demands of its specific environment. Let's break down these considerations in detail.

Screen Size and Resolution

The size of an IPC display is a critical decision. Industrial Panel PCs come in a range of screen sizes, starting from compact 7-inch displays and going up to 21.5 inches or more. This selection should be driven by the application's needs. For instance, a large display might be ideal for a factory floor where operators need to view multiple data points at once, while a smaller display may suffice in more confined workstations.

As screen size increases, so does the resolution. Higher resolution allows more content to fit on the screen, much like having more workspace on a desk. For example, a 21.5-inch display with a 1920x1080 resolution provides ample real estate for clear visibility of detailed information, which is crucial in settings like monitoring systems or industrial automation dashboards.

Touch Operation

Touch input has become increasingly common in modern industrial settings, offering convenience by eliminating the need for external input devices like a keyboard or mouse. There are primarily two types of touch technologies used in IPC displays: Resistive and Capacitive.

Resistive Touch Screens: These screens are made of two conductive layers separated by a small gap. When pressed, the layers come into contact, allowing the system to register the touch. Since resistive screens rely on physical pressure, they work with any object — from a finger to a stylus. This makes them versatile, but they do require periodic calibration to maintain accuracy. Resistive screens are often preferred in environments where users might be wearing gloves, such as manufacturing or medical settings.

Capacitive Touch Screens: These screens detect touch through changes in an electromagnetic field. A key advantage of capacitive technology is its accuracy and sensitivity. Two main types are in use today:

Surface Capacitive Touch: An earlier technology where the screen has a single conductive layer. It responds to touch when a conductive object like a finger disrupts its field. While effective, it only supports single-touch input.

Projected Capacitive Touch (PCAP): The most advanced and common touch technology today, used in smartphones and tablets. It consists of a grid of conductors that create an electromagnetic field, detecting even light touches. PCAP screens support multi-touch gestures, such as pinching to zoom, and are highly responsive and durable. This is especially useful in industrial environments where quick and intuitive navigation is critical.

Brightness

Brightness is another essential consideration, particularly in environments where lighting conditions vary or where the display will be used outdoors. Brightness is measured in nits (candela per square meter or cd/m²). Most indoor displays range between 250 and 450 nits, which is sufficient for well-lit office or workshop environments.

For outdoor or high-glare environments, "sunlight-readable" displays with brightness levels of around 1000 nits are recommended. These displays are designed to counteract the effects of direct sunlight or harsh industrial lighting, ensuring that the screen remains visible. Industrial settings such as outdoor kiosks, construction sites, or manufacturing plants with large windows often require such high-brightness screens to maintain visibility and avoid downtime due to screen glare.

Backlight Lifetime

The lifetime of a display's backlight is another consideration that impacts its long-term usability. High-brightness displays, especially those used in environments with constant heavy lighting, need durable backlighting systems that can sustain high illumination levels over time without degradation. When selecting a display, it's vital to factor in how long the backlight will last, especially if the PC is used in demanding environments where downtime for maintenance or screen replacement can be costly.

Viewing Angle

In industrial environments, it's not always possible to look at the screen directly from a perpendicular angle. Operators might need to view the screen from the side or while moving around. Therefore, selecting a display with a wide viewing angle is crucial. Viewing angles are measured in degrees from the perpendicular, both vertically (top and bottom) and horizontally (left and right). The larger the angle, the more flexibility users have in seeing the screen clearly from different positions. This is especially beneficial in industrial settings where workers might be moving around machinery or monitoring displays from various points in a control room.

Optical Bonding

One of the more advanced display technologies is optical bonding, which is frequently paired with high-brightness or outdoor displays. Optical bonding refers to the process of applying a layer of resin between the display panel and the touch screen or protective glass, eliminating any air gaps. This has several benefits:

 

Improved readability: It reduces internal reflections and glare, making the screen easier to read, even in harsh lighting conditions like direct sunlight.

Increased durability: Optical bonding adds to the ruggedness of the screen by making it more resistant to shock and vibrations. This is particularly useful in industries like marine or outdoor environments, where equipment might be subject to rough conditions.

Prevents moisture and dust buildup: The absence of air gaps means there is less chance for condensation, dust, or other particles to infiltrate between the screen layers, which is a common issue in humid environments.

Overall, optical bonding is ideal for harsh environments where screens are exposed to extreme temperatures, humidity, or physical impact. Its benefits make it a perfect match for rugged applications in sectors like oil and gas, military, marine, or heavy-duty manufacturing.

• Screen size, resolution, touch input
• Brightness, backlight lifetime, viewing angles
• Optical bonding

Storage

Storage devices are essential components in modern computing, providing the necessary space to store the operating system, software, and data. In industrial PCs, the 2.5” Solid State Drive (SSD) is the most common type of storage used today, largely due to its durability and performance. Unlike traditional hard drives, SSDs contain no moving parts, which makes them more resistant to vibration, wear, and physical shock, and allows them to last longer in demanding environments.

SATA and MLC

Two important concepts related to SSDs are SATA and MLC, which refer to the interface and memory structure of the device, respectively.

SATA Interface

Serial ATA (SATA) is the method by which data is transferred between the storage device and other components in the system, such as the CPU and RAM. The current standard for this interface, SATA3, can transfer data at speeds of up to 6.0 Gb/s. Although SATA is widely used and provides reliable performance for many applications, it is not the fastest interface available today when compared to newer protocols such as NVMe.

MLC Structure

Multi-Level Cell (MLC) refers to how data is stored in the SSD. MLC storage allows each memory cell to store two bits of data, increasing storage density and capacity. While not the fastest or most efficient in terms of power consumption, MLC SSDs strike a balance between cost and performance, making them a popular choice for general-purpose storage in industrial settings.

NVMe and 3D TLC

For more advanced storage solutions, NVMe and 3D TLC provide superior performance in terms of speed, efficiency, and storage density.

NVMe Interface

Nonvolatile Memory Express (NVMe) is an advanced interface protocol that enables faster data transfers between the SSD and the system compared to SATA. NVMe can significantly increase the performance of high-speed applications that require large amounts of data processing, such as 3D rendering, data analytics, and real-time system monitoring. With its ability to utilize the PCIe bus, NVMe storage devices can achieve much higher bandwidth than traditional SATA-based SSDs, making them ideal for high-performance industrial systems.

3D TLC Structure

Triple-Level Cell (TLC) SSDs can store three bits of data in each memory cell, increasing storage density even further compared to MLC. 3D TLC technology takes this a step further by stacking these memory cells vertically, which not only increases the memory density but also improves power efficiency. The vertical stacking allows for greater storage capacity within the same physical space, and 3D TLC SSDs typically consume less power, which is an important consideration in mobile and industrial systems where power efficiency is crucial.

Storage Capacity

Storage capacity plays a significant role in the overall capability of a system. Most industrial PCs come with a minimum storage capacity of 32GB or 64GB, but SSDs can be configured with much larger capacities, reaching 1TB or more depending on the application. The amount of storage required depends on the complexity and demands of the system's tasks, as well as the amount of data that needs to be stored for processing or backup.

When selecting storage, it’s important to factor in the space requirements of the operating system itself. For example, systems running Microsoft Windows should consider the minimum hardware and storage requirements outlined by Microsoft. Operating systems typically consume a significant portion of the available storage, so it’s wise to allocate additional capacity to ensure that applications and data can be stored and accessed efficiently without running into space limitations.

 

In industrial PC systems, SSDs offer significant advantages over traditional hard drives due to their durability, speed, and vibration resistance. Key factors to consider when choosing an SSD include the interface (SATA vs. NVMe), the memory structure (MLC vs. 3D TLC), and the storage capacity required for your applications. SATA SSDs provide reliable and cost-effective storage for general use, while NVMe SSDs offer superior performance for high-speed data processing. Similarly, MLC SSDs balance storage efficiency and cost, while 3D TLC SSDs provide higher memory density and power efficiency for advanced applications. Selecting the right storage solution ensures that your system can handle both current and future demands efficiently.

• SSDs vs traditional hard drives
• SATA, MLC, NVME, 3D TLC
• Capacity recommendations

Mounting Options

• Panel mounting
• VESA mounting

Mounting options are a crucial consideration for Industrial Panel PCs due to their unique requirements compared to standard desktop setups. Industrial environments often demand robust and secure installation solutions to ensure the PCs remain firmly in place, withstand vibrations, and are easily accessible. Two primary methods are commonly used to mount Industrial Panel PCs: Panel Mounting and VESA Mounting.

Panel Mounting

Panel mounting is a popular method for installing Industrial Panel PCs, particularly in environments where the PC needs to be integrated into a larger control panel or enclosure. This method is possible when the device's bezel features a "lip" along with the necessary mounting holes. The lip helps to secure the unit, and clips or clamps are used to fasten the PC to the panel, ensuring stability and alignment. This type of installation is particularly beneficial in settings where the PC needs to be flush with a control interface or easily accessible for operators working on machinery or production lines. The seamless integration also provides protection against dust, moisture, or other industrial contaminants, as the panel acts as an additional barrier.

 

VESA Mounting

VESA mounting, standardized by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA), offers another reliable option for securing Industrial Panel PCs. This method involves using a set of screws arranged in a specific pattern on the rear of the unit. The screws align with universal VESA patterns, which are denoted in millimeters. One of the most common patterns is VESA-75×75, where four screws are arranged in a square with each screw spaced 75 mm apart. Another frequently used configuration is VESA-100×100, with the screws spaced 100 mm apart. These standardized mounting schemes ensure compatibility with a wide range of mounting arms, brackets, or stands, making it easier to position the Industrial Panel PC in the desired orientation, whether on a wall, stand, or machinery. VESA mounts are often preferred in environments where flexibility in positioning or angle is necessary, such as in workstations where frequent adjustments might be needed for ergonomics or visibility.

Both panel and VESA mounting options provide robust and adaptable solutions, allowing Industrial Panel PCs to be securely installed in various environments. The choice between the two largely depends on the specific application requirements, the need for accessibility, and the overall design of the system where the PC is being deployed. Whether flush with a control panel or mounted on a stand, these methods ensure the PC remains firmly in place, providing reliability and durability in demanding industrial settings.

Operating System

Touchscreen monitors have become a vital tool in industrial environments due to their ability to streamline interactions between operators and control systems. By combining user input and data visualization into one interface, these monitors allow operators to interact directly with controls, eliminating the need for additional input devices like a mouse or keyboard. This setup ensures that users can focus on the tasks displayed on the screen without distractions, enhancing both efficiency and workflow in high-demand industrial environments.

Common Touch Technologies

Two types of touchscreen technologies dominate industrial settings: resistive and capacitive touch. Each has its unique benefits and applications, depending on the environment and requirements.

Resistive Touchscreens: These rely on pressure applied to the screen. They are highly responsive to any input source, whether a finger, stylus, or glove, making them ideal for environments where operators may wear protective gear or use tools.

Capacitive Touchscreens: These detect input by sensing the electrical properties of the human body, offering more precise and responsive touch interaction. Capacitive screens are favored in cleaner, more controlled environments and provide a more intuitive user experience.

Operating Systems in Industrial PCs

The most common operating systems used in industrial PCs are Microsoft Windows® and Linux Ubuntu, each offering different advantages depending on the application.

Microsoft Windows® Operating Systems

Windows is widely recognized as the leading OS in industrial computing, with Windows 10 and Windows 11 being the two main versions used. These operating systems are available in various configurations to suit different industrial needs, including Pro, Enterprise, Embedded (EPKEA), and Non-Embedded (PKEA) versions.

Windows 10

Windows 10 is one of the most popular operating systems globally, known for its familiar user interface and widespread compatibility. In industrial settings, Windows 10 typically offers the same user experience as it does on personal computers, ensuring that operators feel comfortable navigating the system.

Windows 11

Windows 11, the latest version of Microsoft’s OS, is also gaining traction in the industrial sector. One of the key improvements in Windows 11 is its focus on security. To run Windows 11, an industrial PC must meet several hardware security requirements, which enhance system protection:

TPM 2.0: Provides support for modern cryptographic algorithms and multi-factor authentication, ensuring a higher level of security.

SecureBoot: Protects against unauthorized bootloaders and malware during the system's boot phase.

Core Isolation: Adds another layer of malware protection by isolating certain processes from the operating system itself.

These features make Windows 11 particularly appealing in environments where data security is critical.

Embedded and Non-Embedded Versions

Embedded and Non-Embedded versions of Windows are generally enterprise-level editions of the standard operating system. These versions offer similar functionality to consumer-level Windows but with additional support and features aimed at long-term stability and manageability.

Embedded Operating Systems (EPKEA): These versions are often used in industrial applications where long-term support and customization are critical. They allow for greater control over OS updates and longer life cycles, giving network administrators more flexibility in maintaining the system.

Non-Embedded (PKEA): These versions are also enterprise-focused but are closer to the consumer versions of Windows in terms of regular updates. They are suitable for situations where frequent updates and broader compatibility are more important than long-term customization.

Professional Versions

The Professional versions of Windows, such as Windows 10 Pro and Windows 11 Pro, are essentially the same as those used on personal desktops and laptops. These editions are fully featured and follow the regular consumer update schedule. They are widely adopted in industrial settings where ease of use and compatibility with standard software are priorities.

Windows 10 IoT Core

For simpler applications, Windows 10 IoT Core is a lightweight operating system designed for low-power devices and sensors. While it's not suitable for running multiple applications or handling complex tasks, it works well in environments where minimal computing power is needed, such as small smart devices or single-purpose systems in industrial settings.

Linux Ubuntu

Linux Ubuntu is a popular alternative to Microsoft Windows for industrial systems, especially among developers and organizations that prioritize flexibility and customization. Built on the Linux kernel, Ubuntu is an open-source operating system, which gives users the freedom to modify the source code and adapt the OS to their specific needs.

One of Ubuntu’s biggest advantages is its lack of licensing requirements, which allows companies to install and distribute it freely. This makes it an appealing choice for organizations that prefer proprietary software or those that want to avoid the restrictions that come with commercial OS licenses.

For programmers and developers, Ubuntu offers a highly customizable environment, making it ideal for those who want full control over their system or need to develop custom applications for industrial use.

Touchscreen monitors and operating systems are integral to modern industrial computing, providing streamlined control interfaces and robust platforms for managing processes. Touch-enabled monitors allow operators to interact with controls directly and efficiently, with resistive and capacitive technologies serving different operational needs. On the software side, Microsoft Windows® remains the dominant choice in industrial settings, with versions like Windows 10 and Windows 11 offering a familiar user interface, enhanced security, and long-term support. Linux Ubuntu, with its open-source flexibility, provides a powerful alternative for those who need customizable solutions.

By understanding the strengths of each system, organizations can choose the right combination of hardware and software to optimize their industrial operations.

• Windows (Windows 10, Windows 11, Pro, Enterprise, Embedded, Non-Embedded)
• Linux Ubuntu

Environmental Protection, Material, Shock and Vibration

• Operating temperature
• Environmental protection ratings (IP, NEMA)
• Material choices (aluminum, steel, stainless steel)
• Shock and vibration considerations

When selecting an Industrial PC (IPC), understanding the operating environment is crucial. The range of applications where these computers are employed varies significantly—from climate-controlled office settings to harsh outdoor environments, from foodservice industries to environments exposed to industrial chemicals like degreasers. For optimal performance, you need to ensure that the IPC you choose is suited for your specific operational conditions. Key factors to evaluate include temperature ratings, ingress protection, materials, and resilience to physical stressors such as shock and vibration.

Operating Temperature (Standard vs. Extended Temperature Range)

One of the most important aspects to consider is the ambient temperature in which the IPC will be used. Most industrial PCs are rated for standard temperature ranges, typically between 0°C and 50°C. These units are well-suited for environments like offices, warehouses, or other climate-controlled settings where the temperature remains stable and moderate.

However, many industrial applications require PCs to operate in more extreme conditions. In such cases, an extended temperature range is necessary. Some IPCs are rated to handle higher temperatures, operating efficiently in environments as hot as 60°C or 70°C. Conversely, others are designed for extremely cold conditions, functioning reliably in temperatures as low as -20°C or even -40°C. For applications with significant temperature fluctuations, there are industrial PCs capable of operating in the full range of -40°C to 70°C, making them suitable for both hot and cold extremes.

Environmental Protection Rating (IP and NEMA)

Another critical consideration is how well the IPC is protected against environmental hazards such as dust, water, and other contaminants. Two common rating systems are used to evaluate this protection: IP (Ingress Protection) and NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association).

• IP Ratings: This system uses a two-digit code to classify the level of protection against the intrusion of solid particles and liquids. The first digit indicates protection from solids (such as dust), and the second digit refers to the level of protection from liquids (like water). The higher the numbers, the better the protection. For example, an IPC with an IP67 rating is fully protected against dust (first digit: 6) and can withstand immersion in water (second digit: 7).
• NEMA Ratings: While similar to the IP system, the NEMA rating focuses on the enclosure rather than the IPC itself. It evaluates the enclosure’s ability to withstand various environmental hazards, including dust, water, and corrosive materials. NEMA-rated enclosures are common in industries where the environment may be particularly harsh, such as chemical plants, food processing, or outdoor installations.

Material

The construction material of an Industrial PC can significantly affect its suitability for different environments. The most commonly used materials are aluminum, steel, and stainless steel, each chosen based on the specific needs of the application.

• Aluminum: Lightweight and highly effective at dissipating heat, aluminum is often used in fanless IPC systems. Its light weight makes it easier to handle and install, especially for wall-mounted or portable industrial PCs.
• Steel: Offering greater strength and rigidity than aluminum, steel is typically used for the front panel or bezel of IPCs, particularly in systems that require robust support for panel mounting. It provides structural integrity, making it ideal for IPCs that may be exposed to physical stress.
• Stainless Steel: This material is favored in environments that require stringent cleanliness or where corrosion resistance is critical. It is commonly used in foodservice, sanitation, and cleanroom environments, where aluminum or standard steel would not provide adequate durability or hygiene.

Shock and Vibration Resistance

In industrial settings, shock and vibration can be a significant concern, especially in facilities where machinery generates constant motion or sudden impacts. Fortunately, advancements in technology—especially the widespread use of Solid State Drives (SSDs)—have greatly reduced the risks associated with mechanical failure due to shock and vibration. Unlike traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) that rely on spinning platters, SSDs have no moving parts, making them far more resistant to damage from vibrations or sudden shocks.

Additionally, many modern IPCs are designed to be fanless. This not only reduces the risk of component failure due to fan breakage under vibration but also eliminates a common source of system wear and tear. Fanless systems, combined with SSDs, create a robust setup that can withstand even the most vibration-prone environments, such as manufacturing floors or transportation hubs.

Conclusion

In selecting the right Industrial PC for your specific application, it is essential to consider factors such as the operating temperature range, environmental protection rating, material construction, and resistance to shock and vibration. Each of these elements plays a pivotal role in ensuring that your IPC can perform reliably in its intended environment, whether it is a mild office setting or an extreme outdoor or industrial environment.

The combination of modern materials, advanced designs, and rugged components makes Industrial PCs highly adaptable and resilient, able to meet the demands of virtually any operating condition. Whether dealing with high or low temperatures, exposure to dust or moisture, or constant physical vibration, selecting the correct IPC will enhance efficiency and durability in your industrial operations.

EMC and EMI

• Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
• Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

When it comes to the successful deployment and operation of Industrial PCs (IPCs), two critical concepts to understand are Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). These terms are often overlooked, but they play a significant role in ensuring that the industrial PC operates smoothly without disrupting other nearby electronic devices or being affected by external electromagnetic interference.

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) refers to how well a device can operate in an environment that contains various sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI), while minimizing its own electromagnetic emissions. The aim of EMC is twofold: to ensure that the device does not interfere with other equipment and that it can function properly despite the presence of EMI in its operating environment.

To achieve EMC, devices, including IPCs, are designed with protective shielding that blocks or minimizes the effects of EMI. This shielding, often in the form of metal casing or specialized coatings, acts as a barrier, preventing disruptive electromagnetic energy from entering or escaping the device.

One of the most effective ways to enhance EMC in any industrial PC system is through proper grounding. Grounding ensures that any unwanted electrical energy has a low impedance path to disperse safely. Good grounding practices help to significantly reduce the impact of EMI by providing a controlled path for electromagnetic energy to flow, preventing interference with the device’s operation.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is the radiation or energy emitted from an electrical device that can disrupt the functioning of nearby electronic devices. EMI can come from various sources, both man-made and natural. In industrial environments, EMI might originate from heavy machinery, power lines, or even simple office equipment like microwaves or lighting systems. For instance, if you’ve ever experienced your radio or Wi-Fi signal cutting out when a large piece of machinery turns on, that's EMI at work.

EMI can also result from natural sources such as lightning strikes or solar flares, which can produce significant bursts of electromagnetic energy that interfere with electronic systems. While natural EMI is less common in everyday industrial settings, it can still pose a risk, especially in industries that rely on sensitive electronics or are located in areas prone to lightning activity.

Why EMC and EMI Matter for Industrial PCs

In industrial environments, where multiple machines and systems are running simultaneously, the presence of EMI can disrupt crucial operations. Industrial PCs, often used for controlling processes, monitoring data, or interfacing with other electronic systems, must be designed to withstand EMI while maintaining strong EMC.

• Disrupted Communication: EMI can interfere with the communication between an IPC and other systems, such as sensors, control units, or data networks. This disruption can result in inaccurate data, malfunctioning of control systems, or even the shutdown of critical industrial processes.
• Operational Reliability: Industrial environments often have stringent reliability requirements. A sudden spike in EMI, if not properly shielded against, can lead to data corruption or the failure of an IPC to perform its intended tasks.
• Safety Hazards: In some cases, EMI interference can compromise safety systems, especially in industries like automotive manufacturing, oil and gas, or aerospace. Ensuring proper EMC standards are met is crucial to maintaining operational safety.

One way to mitigate the risks posed by EMI is by using EMI filters and ensuring that sensitive components are housed in shielded enclosures. Additionally, regular maintenance of grounding systems can greatly enhance the overall EMC of an industrial system.

Processing Power

www.cpubenchmark.net

Processing power is a crucial determinant of a computer’s overall performance, influenced by multiple factors such as the type of processor, clock speed, and core/thread performance. Understanding these aspects is key to selecting the right processor for specific applications.

Benchmarking Processing Power

Benchmarking is the process of establishing a performance standard against which other processors can be evaluated. One of the largest sources of CPU performance data is PassMark’s website, cpubenchmark.net, which updates its CPU performance scores daily using thousands of PerformanceTest Benchmark results. The benchmark score helps users assess how well a CPU will perform in various scenarios and is instrumental in choosing the right processor.

Benchmark Score Ranges and Applications

• Below 2000: Processors in this range are ideal for simple tasks and budget-conscious applications, where minimal computing power is sufficient. These systems are energy efficient and suitable for placement in environments with higher ambient temperatures, such as cabinets.
• 2000 to 6000: CPUs in this range offer a balance between cost and performance, making them suitable for multitasking, running multiple applications simultaneously, network monitoring, and graphical tasks. These processors are often selected for industrial PCs due to their versatility and ability to manage more demanding tasks than lower-tier processors.
• Above 6000: These high-performance processors excel at handling 3D graphics, video processing, real-time networking, and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. However, they come at a higher price, reflecting their superior capabilities for intensive computing tasks.

Intel vs. AMD Processors

When it comes to choosing a processor, two dominant brands are Intel and AMD, each with distinct strengths suited for various applications.

Intel Processors

• Single-Core Performance: Intel CPUs are known for their robust single-core performance, which makes them excellent for tasks that rely heavily on single-threaded operations.
• Consistent Performance: They deliver consistent results across different applications and workloads, making them versatile in diverse computing environments.
• Low Thermal Design Power (TDP): This feature allows Intel processors to operate efficiently in a wide range of temperatures, which is useful in industries where environmental conditions may vary.
• Overclocking: Intel processors have the capability to be overclocked, which means their clock speeds can be increased beyond the default limits for enhanced performance in certain applications.

AMD Processors

• Multi-Core Performance: AMD processors excel in multi-core operations, making them ideal for tasks that can leverage multiple processing threads, such as video editing or 3D rendering.
• Modular Design: AMD’s modular architecture supports better scalability, offering flexibility for various applications.
• PCIe 4.0 Compatibility: AMD processors often feature compatibility with PCIe 4.0, which enhances data transfer speeds for high-end graphics cards and SSDs.
• Performance-Price Ratio: AMD is known for delivering strong performance at a more accessible price point compared to Intel, making it a go-to option for cost-conscious buyers who still need high computational power.

Key Performance Factors

Clock Speed

Clock speed measures how fast a CPU operates, expressed in gigahertz (GHz). A higher clock speed generally means a faster processor, but it’s not the only metric that defines performance. While clock speed impacts how quickly the CPU can process instructions, the architecture and core/thread count also play significant roles.

Core and Thread Performance

Modern CPUs often feature multiple cores—dual-core, quad-core, hex-core, or octa-core configurations are common. Each core functions as an independent processing unit, allowing the CPU to handle multiple tasks simultaneously. The more cores a CPU has, the better it can multitask or manage complex applications that require heavy processing.

• Cores: The number of physical cores in a CPU directly influences its ability to perform multiple tasks at once, making multi-core processors ideal for multitasking environments.
• Threads: Threads are virtual components that handle tasks assigned to a CPU core. Multithreading enables a CPU to execute multiple threads simultaneously, effectively dividing the workload among cores. This capability increases a CPU’s efficiency, allowing it to process more tasks without lag.

Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT)

SMT, often referred to as Hyperthreading™ in Intel processors, allows a single core to manage two or more threads simultaneously. This feature boosts the processor's efficiency by utilizing resources like cache memory and execution units more effectively. However, SMT can increase power consumption since the CPU works harder to manage multiple threads at once. SMT essentially improves multitasking performance, making it ideal for environments where users need to handle several demanding applications at the same time.

Conclusion

Processing power is a multifaceted concept influenced by several key factors, including CPU type, benchmark performance, clock speed, and core/thread efficiency. By understanding these elements, users can select the right processor for their needs, whether for basic computing tasks or more advanced industrial applications. Intel processors offer excellent single-core performance and thermal efficiency, while AMD shines in multi-core processing and value. Benchmark scores provide a clear reference for determining a CPU’s suitability for different tasks, ranging from simple projects to complex 3D rendering or network monitoring.

RAM

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is critical to a computer system’s performance, serving as a temporary storage area for data that the system is actively using. The ability to access and store data quickly allows applications to run smoothly, especially in environments where multitasking or processing large datasets is common. RAM’s speed and capacity play a key role in how efficiently a system can perform, making it a vital component in both personal and industrial computing environments.

Types of RAM: DDR3L and DDR4

The two most common types of RAM found in modern Industrial PCs are DDR3L and DDR4, each with distinct characteristics in terms of speed, power consumption, and capacity.

DDR3L RAM

DDR3L (Double Data Rate Type 3 Low Voltage Standard) is a version of DDR3 memory designed to operate at lower voltages, specifically at 1.35V, which reduces both power consumption and heat generation. This makes DDR3L particularly suited for mobile and embedded systems, such as laptops and industrial Panel PCs, where energy efficiency and thermal management are critical.

DDR3L comes in a 204-pin configuration and is typically used in environments that demand reliable performance without needing the higher speeds or capacities of more advanced RAM types like DDR4. Its low-power design makes it ideal for systems that prioritize long-term usage and durability over raw computing power, which is why it remains prevalent in mobile and industrial systems.

DDR4 RAM

DDR4 (Double Data Rate Type 4) is the more advanced memory technology, offering significantly higher memory density and faster processing speeds compared to DDR3L. This allows DDR4 to handle larger workloads and more complex tasks. The increased frequency of DDR4 means it can perform more operations per second, contributing to better system performance, particularly in high-demand applications such as gaming, 3D rendering, video processing, and industrial computing where speed and memory capacity are essential.

Despite its higher performance capabilities, DDR4 RAM operates at a slightly lower voltage than DDR3L, consuming only 1.2V. This power efficiency, combined with its ability to support higher memory densities, makes DDR4 the preferred choice for high-performance applications where both speed and capacity are crucial.

RAM Capacity and Performance

The amount of RAM in a system directly affects its ability to handle multiple applications and large amounts of data simultaneously. Modern computers, especially industrial systems, typically come with at least 4GB of RAM, though many configurations can support up to 64GB or more. The more RAM a system has, the better it can perform tasks that require significant memory usage, such as running multiple virtual machines, handling large datasets, or processing intensive applications.

For instance, Microsoft Windows 10 requires a minimum of 2GB of RAM to operate. However, for optimal performance, especially in an industrial setting or any environment where multiple tasks are being performed concurrently, it's generally recommended to have at least double the minimum requirement—4GB or more—to ensure smooth operation and avoid system slowdowns.

Scaling RAM for Performance

• 4GB to 8GB: Suitable for basic tasks, light multitasking, and simple industrial applications.
• 8GB to 16GB: Ideal for heavier multitasking, handling larger datasets, and more complex applications, making it a common choice for more demanding industrial systems.
• 16GB to 32GB and above: Required for high-performance tasks like 3D modeling, video editing, or running advanced industrial systems that process real-time data and simulations. Larger memory capacities also enable smoother performance when running virtualized environments or multiple concurrent processes.

RAM plays a pivotal role in the performance of any computer, providing the fast, temporary storage space that applications need to operate efficiently. The two main types of RAM used today—DDR3L and DDR4—offer different advantages in terms of power consumption, speed, and capacity, making them suitable for a range of applications from basic computing to advanced industrial processing. The amount of RAM in a system should be chosen based on the specific needs of the applications being run, with higher capacities allowing for better multitasking and handling of complex tasks. For best results, systems should ideally have more than the minimum RAM required by the operating system to ensure smooth and efficient performance.